Resources For Treatments And Prevention Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

â€Å" The doctor of the great beyond will give no clinical claim to fame, however will contribution his patients in the consideration of the human edge, in diet, and in the reason and bar of malady † †Thomas Edison ( 1847-1931 ) The lifting expenses of wellbeing consideration combined with the limitations in the handiness of assets have made a division of contribution between the assets designated for mediation and those assigned towards bar ( Corso et al. , 2002 ) . Just about 66% of the universe ‘s populace is evaluated to look for wellbeing consideration from interchange beginnings and non the customary biomedicine ( Pal 2002 ) . We will compose a custom article test on Assets For Treatments And Prevention Health And Social Care Essay or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now It has been known from famous conclusion that individuals lean toward bar and deterrent human services over ordinary intercession and clinical social insurance ( Corso et al. , 2002 ) . Edison ‘s quote has out of nowhere picked up acknowledgment and the expectation has about worked out. The total of endeavor and assets put into bar and normal eating routine plans are a source to the announcement. This has prompted arrangement of a substitute model for clinical prosperity known as the correlative and interchange clinical forte ( CAM ) . CAM is going continuously well known with patients and doctors similarly ( Pal 2002 ) . This signifier of prosperity highlights on malady bar rather than intercession of grievances. The point of convergence of the method is to boost the implicit repairing capacity of the natural structure, which can be cultivated by legitimate nourishment. The mediation of the ‘whole ‘ natural structure is stressed instead of the intercession of an impossible to miss work in the natural structure ( Pal 2002 ) . Florence Nightingale ‘s anxiety of bar permitted her to take consideration of army individuals. All she proliferated was an interest for clean air, unadulterated H2O, legitimate seepage and neatness. Thus, numerous practicians around the universe have taken to preventive social insurance and the specialists are genuinely siphoning assets into the method. In France, 2.4 % of the whole GDP was assigned to preventive medicinal services ( Sandier et al. , 2004 ) . Chadha et Al. ( 2007 ) have expressed that even the organizations in India are discerning of the advantages of deterrent medicinal services and are logically sing protection ventures as â€Å" a contributing for human capital † . Mancini ( 2003 ) expressed a study from the Harvard Medical School called attention to a bewildering expansion in the figure of CAM clients in the state. The inefficaciousness of the essential clinical consideration has neglected to satisfy the requests of the large populace of the universe, which has prompted huge segments of the people to look for alternatives to the conventional clinical strength signifier ( Mancini 2003 ) . The inefficaciousness can be credited to the imperfections of the cutting edge human services framework in non having the option to flexibly the consideration that the individuals truly need ( Rister 2003 ) . Rister ( 2003 ) expressed that existent mending was more than research center preliminary results and stopping harming and was in certainty progressively about reproducing natural structure ‘s worked in forces of strengthening. Rister other than underlined that total recuperation and Restoration could non take topographic point without a fair eating regimen, practicing and legitimate nutritionary help. â€Å" Scientific clinical claim to fame forestalls calamities. Be that as it may, normal recuperating takes you body back to its unique territory of strength and verve † ( Rister 2003 ) . Rister ( 2003 ) has squeezed upon the significance of bar in footings of keeping up way of data, for example, low-sodium supplement can take to normal recuperation from chest disappointment because of clog. Applying all the time can bring around numerous objections, while G-Jo can prevent and end concerns ( Rister 2003 ) . Laurence ( 2002 ) has worried on the significance of bar in case of dreadful sicknesses like HIV, where clinical claim to fame is non accessible for intercession. Likewise, Battle and Brownell ( 1996 ) have recommended the constrained effect the customary clinical strength has on meatiness, which has become an occupation of open health essentialness. The point of convergence, in such a situation, ought to be on bar and open approach to conclude the required results. Fight and Brownell ( 1996 ) other than underlined on pointedly indicting the examination on bar. This thought is shared by Manuti et Al. ( 2010 ) , who accept that â€Å" there is overwhelming interest to create and execute useful interventions to better bringing of ordinary clinical safeguard administrations. † Policy adjustments can take to a more noteworthy modification that can change the current situation of ingestion of undesirable supplements and achieves a mentality towards solid supplement and expanded degrees of physical action ( Battle and Brownell, 1996 ) . Manuti et Al. ( 2010 ) expressed that bar could be utile in watching numerous infections that could take to mortality. They underlined that in spite of the way that bar in inescapable in essential health consideration, deterrent administrations are ordinarily imperfect. American Heart Association ( AHA 2010 ) has expressed that essential protection health consideration administrations must be promptly remembered for the exhaustive wellbeing consideration. AHA ( 2010 ) affirmed that ethical quality because of chest occupations and cardiovascular sickness has diminished because of the modification in the conduct and way of life of individuals. Around 80 % of the populace known to man can non hold course to present day clinical claims to fame. â€Å" Low-cost mediation, for example, way of life modifications, diet, supplement treatment and conduct clinical forte can be conveyed as substitution for significant expense drugs and innovative intervention † ( Pal 2002 ) . All it requires is an adjustment at the core degree where the patients can pick up the interest to modify themselves. Buddy ( 2002 ) referenced that since the late sixtiess, more exchange practicians were seeing patients than essential consideration providers. This affirms the announcement by Thomas Edison, which was made at a clasp when there were non adequate alternatives for the mediations of grievances. In spite of the admirations known to man of clinical logical controls, Edison ‘s words despite everything remain constant. Chime ( 2008 ) expressed, â€Å" a lovingness doctor will arrange wholesome supplements and perhaps addendums if necessary. A decent doctor will just want to see you one time a twelvemonth, and urge you avoid hospitals. It is savvy to gain one-year clinical assessments, yet Lashkar-e-Taiba ‘s address the subject of remedies for just about everything and how non to get trapped in that trap. † The essential point of mediation is self acknowledgment of significance of securing better and the ability to make so. On the off chance that this is done right off the bat throughout everyday life, and diet and practicing is controlled on an everyday balance, an individual can pull off to stay sound for the greater part of his/her life ( Bell 2008 ) . Despite the fact that, at a more youthful age individuals will in general eat a bunch and non set on weight, it gets up to speed accordingly in existence with no practicing or fiery physical movement. With standard working out, it might truly be conceivable to eat and stay solid. The entirety of addictives in the consumables presents is truly disturbing and should be a finished antonym of the idea of a solid eating regimen. This is so extremely unique in relation to the fortunes Edison stated, what he stated, in. It is extremely of import to perceive the interest to modify and do a functioning endeavor to do that adjustment. Individuals everywhere throughout the universe have taken to perceiving this and arraigning in characteristic bar and diet law combined with ordinary applying to decide a positive and sound way of life. Choice The powerlessness of standard clinical claim to fame to land by with the positions of the individuals everywhere throughout the universe summarized with the way that 80 % of the universe ‘s populace can non manage the cost of the correct clinical strength has prompted a substitute signifier of clinical forte that has gotten well known. People groups everywhere throughout the universe are pleasing to these new signifiers of clinical strength that harp on the premises of normal eating regimen mandate and practicing to restore the natural structure and retouch the amendss that the natural structure has brought about. A decent doctor is viewed as the 1 that treats the patients great and verifies that the patients remain fit and do n’t hold to pay customary visits. Exploration laborers accept that mindful doctors should arrange great adjusted weight control plans and applying to patients for them to repair entirely. In this way, Thomas Edison ‘s words â€Å" The doctor of the great beyond will give no clinical strength, however will association his patients in the consideration of the human edge, in diet, and in the reason and bar of sickness † still have an incredible worth yet it is being understood that regardless of such an interest for safeguard clinical claim to fame and intercession without clinical forte, there is a clump of improvement required in the field to achieve the apex of accomplishment in the field of social insurance and great being. Edison ‘s articulation has been acknowledged by and large yet has non been executed worldwide in that capacity. The bit of the explanation that exchanges with intriguing the patients with regards to bar of sickness and a solid way of life has picked up acknowledgment in the last barely any decennaries and the individuals have become increasingly more self witting. Yet, the principal bit of the sentence, for example no clinical claims to fame is yet to be defeated regardless of the army signifiers of interchange mediations accessible for the patients. There has been nobody effective signifier of intercession that could be a solution for all the health occupations without requiring concoction clinical strengths. The most effective method to refer to Resources For Treatments And Preventio

How did Hitler come into Power essays

How did Hitler come into Power articles A polarity is a division of two substances into totally unrelated or opposing gatherings. In Viva Zapata, it was referenced that its not the laws that administer men, however men that oversee men. There is no polarity present here in light of the fact that the two arent totally unrelated by any means. A nation is just as solid as the individuals who lead it, and the laws that oversee it. Without solid and upheld laws, man wouldnt have power. What's more, without man, the laws wouldnt have power. Be that as it may, the individuals administer the land, and they are by a long shot more remarkable than the laws. They can make and crush laws. They are the ones who uphold the laws. Individuals dont live their lives by the expression of the law, however by the desire of the individuals who make and authorize it. At the point when the Weimar constitution was authorized, there were a few defects. These imperfections in the long run prompted the ascent of Hitler, and the ruin of Germany. After World War II, the constitutions of West Germany, and France were progressively effective. They had solid focuses and took into consideration stable governments The Weimar constitution was composed under the direction of Max Weber. He was a communist, and attempted to give the constitution the entirety of the best parts of the American constitution(*1). In the Weimar constitution, the president wasnt named as the leader of the government(*2). This errand was given to the chancellor, who was a gathering part. Since the German government was in its earliest stages, and frequently halted, parliament didnt meet that regularly (*3). Weber had gotten ready for this, and under Article 48, the president had crisis powers when parliament was not in meeting. These forces additionally ended up happening at whatever point parliament was stopped. A portion of these forces remembered for Article 48 were brief tyrannical forces, barrier serve or the head of the military. The president reserved the option to meddle with the enactment of parliament, and excuse the chancellor (*4). There were a fe... <!

How to Write an English Essay Topic For Class 12th

How to Write an English Essay Topic For Class 12thYou have read plenty of college essays, whether for class or AP exams. Now that you are in college, you may wonder how to write an English essay topic for class 12th. College essays are more difficult to write than AP ones. It is a good idea to familiarize yourself with the general areas of study that are involved in writing a complete college class essay.When writing an essay, a student must choose a big topic to work on. The topic for the essay must be covered from all angles. A topic that covers only one angle is not a true topic and it should be avoided.Some students find it easier to cover general topics. They can then move on to more intricate topics after covering the general topic. In addition, these students do not need to read carefully because they do not have to use the topic as a springboard for further discussion.It is best to learn about the different types of topics that are used in writing, including the best way to g o about writing a college essay topic for class 12th. This will help the student become familiar with what is needed to succeed. As a result, there will be less hesitation when writing.There are three different types of topics that a student can focus on for their essay topic. These three topics are literature, history, and current events. A student must understand these three subjects before they can effectively make a conclusion.Literature is what most college students consider when writing an essay. Students will usually choose literature to cover in their first paragraph of the essay. Then they must next cover everything else in their essay. All parts of literature should be covered, including who wrote the book, where it was written, who the characters are, and what the book is about.History and current events are two other topics that are very popular among students. These topics are often paired together. The history of a country or an individual is then covered in the second paragraph of the essay. Finally, a conclusion is needed in the last paragraph.Your essay must begin with a proper introduction that covers the writer's knowledge of the subject. Then, the author should then briefly explain his or her opinion of the topic in the third paragraph. He or she should also briefly describe the viewpoint of the writer on the topic. The fourth paragraph is the conclusion and the author should consider what he or she learned from the course work in the fourth paragraph.

Southwest Airlines Organizational Behavior Culture

SWA Organizational Behavior Culture Southwest Airlines’ Success through Organization Culture Kristin Philip Abstract This paper, Southwest Airlines’ Success through Organization Culture gives an account of the development of the organizational culture of Southwest Airlines. The paper starts with the background of Southwest and its development over the years. The paper explains the unique culture of Southwest, and how it has helped Southwest Airlines to face challenges. The paper also describes how Southwest Airlines responded to the situation arising out of the September 11 terrorist attacks which dealt a severe blow to the airline industry. Southwest Airlines’ response to the crisis was shaped by its organizational culture, which†¦show more content†¦Southwests success is not due to one particular organization theory or another, but rather to the overwhelming consistency among them, a configuration of mutually consistent practices rather than a single key practice. With a mixture of the human relations movement and the total quality management, Southwest made a place for its elf in the airline industry. Southwest management saw that McGregor’s Theory Y explained by Kinicki Kreitner would be a practice that would help productivity and employee well-being. McGregor’s theory Y proposed that managers could accomplish more through others by viewing them as self-energized, committed, responsible and creative beings. Southwest recognized that if an organization can provide job satisfaction to their employees, the satisfaction will trickle down to the customers that they serve. The satisfaction has a domino effect with the customers that the employees come in contact with. Customer satisfaction leads to customer loyalty, contributing to the profit of Southwest. Along with human relations, Southwest has a total quality protocol in when they hire their employees. 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Evidence Of Current Nationalism Trends - 1492 Words

Evidence of Current Nationalism Trends: As we have established globalisation was a geo-eco political phenomena, that among many other aspects allowed the free moment of people. Migration of people for various reasons seems to be one of the posters of the success of globalisation. however, the important aspect is not just the act of migration- usually associated with diaspora, but also the discourses of the culture identities and loyalties. As Arjun Appaduria (1996) argues in his book ‘Modernity at Large’, such deterritorialization prospers on the need of the diaspora for the establishment of some sort of contact with its homeland, as the homeland is partly invented and imagines within the deterritorialized groups, the fantasy of an†¦show more content†¦These attributes of the Pro-Russian movements in Ukraine goes hand in hand and yet parallel with the ethnic national sentiments as prescribed by Smith (1998). Global deterritorialization creates designated ethnic groups that share ancestry myths, histor ies and cultural associations as a share of common belief rather than an actual descendant. However other nationalist theories argue that such ethnic nationalism is associated with the defined nation and its actual ancestral descendants (Montserrat, 2007). The causation of national and transnational terrorism is quite evidently highlighted within this realm of argumentation. Sutherland (2012), highlights the behaviour of the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, relating the cultural conditioning techniques of association to that of ethnic and ancestral background. The notorious Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), even though united under the ethnic history and nationalism, embarked on a mission in order to claim territorial, economic and political power, however were rather branded terrorists as a way to legitimise the war against their ethnic nationalism. 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Thomas Sowell s Economic History - 951 Words

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The Nazi ghettos began to focus on the extermination of the Jews rather than the

Technology and Education Essay Example For Students

Technology and Education Essay Technology: A Tool For Education More and more each day technology infiltrates deeper into our daily lives and routines. In fact, it has become such an integral part of society, that mass hysteria and panic would undoubtedly ensue should it suddenly be taken away. To allow technology to take control would surely lead to a disintegration of society. Today, most classrooms are connected to the Internet or at the very least contain computers to help educate the nations children. Technology, although useful, is only a tool and must be used wisely in regards to the education of todays youths. Technology holds the promise of delivering vast amounts of information in a very short time. The Internet alone contains a plethora of information for anyone who has the desire and ability to use it. With just a click of a button a person can surf the web finding information ranging from aardvark to zygote. The speed in which information flashes across the screen can be dizzying. Although general information is readily accessible, obtaining specific data can be Just the other day, I was on-line searching for information regarding to peritonitis. As is typical, I logged onto a search site and typed in the subject I wanted. The search found and displayed about a dozen sites related to peritonitis. However, it also displayed more than three or four dozen sites on topics ranging from colon cancer to feline leukemia. I cant figure out just what relation feline leukemia has with peritonitis. As far as I can tell, theyre like apples to oranges. Too often these searches seem to take the user to sites that only contain links to other sites, with links to yet other sites, and so on. It took me nearly an hour to find specific information providing detailed signs and symptoms of peritonitis. I never could find anything regarding actual treatment procedures for the disease. Maybe I should have taken a five minute drive to the library and looked in an antiquated encyclopedia it would have been faster and easier. Dont get me wrong, Im not saying that technology is a bad thing, but there are negatives to every positive. Technology does offer an array of options, including those for educational purposes. Many college students are now able to take courses via television, cable, and the Internet only attending classes on campus for taking exams. Although this form of education provides more scheduling flexibility, it deprives the student of being able to contact their professor readily. While in an on-campus class, if a student has a question on the material being studied, they can simply ask their instructor for clarification and receive an immediate response. Contrarily, by taking a television or Internet course, the student would have to e-mail the professor and wait up to several days to receive a reply. School is not just a forum to learn facts and theories. One of the principal functions of school is to teach children how to behave in groups (Postman). In other words, by attending school children learn how to interact with others in a positive and constructive way. By allowing technology to take over the education of our children we deny them the feeling of being included as a member of society. For without social interaction, society itself no longer exists. At one time, many years ago, dialing 0 on the telephone connected them to a living, breathing person on the other end. Several years later technology took over and one had to navigate through a myriad of computerized menus for information, bringing forth complaint after complaint from customers. Currently, various phone companies advertise how one can now dial 0 and get a living, Although technology can provide a nearly endless supply of information, it cannot provide the tools necessary for understanding. A computer can simply display facts, insight can only be learned through interaction with others. If a child cannot comprehend a concept, a computer will not be able to re-explain things in a fashion the child understands; it can only repeat the data. Nutrition and You Essay Instead of being subjected to such images, students must be able to realize that they should take the chance and look at the things outside and not just the through the technological world (Schwarz 79). Computers are also high-maintenance supplies for schools. Unlike books, which represent generally fixed costs, technology requires a significant, continuous monetary input. The useful lifetimes of computers and their software are sometimes measurable in months, not years. Costs for potentially short-lived computer hardware and software quickly become enormous. Also, these costs .

Combining visual and sound to enhance Brand Experience

Introduction Nowadays, there are too many similar products in the same market. Hence, competition is high in the contemporary market. Besides, for some products, it is hard for customers to determine the right products to use since a majority of the customers do not have any outstanding popular brand. For any business or company to outdo others in the modern market, it has to make sure that it positions its brand in a way that it attracts customers and stands out from other brands (Aaker Keller, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Combining visual and sound to enhance Brand Experience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The brand should be in a position to draw customers’ attention. Brand presents the product image and sometimes it tells a story about the product. Businesses use numerous strategies to enhance brand experience including visual advertisement, audio advertisement, and a combination of both t he visual and audio advertisement (Aaker Keller, 2005). All these strategies contribute to the enhancement of brand experience in different ways. Advertisement departments have understood the role of visual advertisement in enhancing brand experience. The departments have realised that people are able to interpret and retain visual messages at a higher rate relative to other forms of messages. Therefore, consumers are likely to understand and remember a brand if it is advertised through visual method (Grossman, 2003). Besides, understanding and remembering the brand’s image, visual advertisement, if well designed triggers the emotions of the target consumers making them attached to the brand. Not all aspects of a brand can be advertised visually. Hence, organisations also use audio communication to capture those aspects that visual advertisement does not capture. Audio advertisement is one of the channels that spur people’s mood. Use of music in brand advertisement he lps in energising the customers’ spirit, therefore, luring them to try the brand. Besides, the music makes the target audience develop a positive perception towards the company. Combining audio and visual aspects of communication in a brand advertisement gives an organisation an upper hand. It not only makes consumers understand the brand but it also makes them retain the experience of the brand for a long time. Even though visual communication might help the target audience to understand the intended message, the communication might fail to inspire or trigger emotional thoughts, which are crucial in making sure that the audience responds to the message (Aaker Keller, 2005). Hence, inclusion of sound in a visual communication helps to inspire the target audience and encourage them to associate with the brand. There is a strong synergy between visual and sound communication in brand management. The sound cues included in an audio communication serves to convey additional info rmation, which the visual communication does not offer (Juslin, 2001). Consequently, it makes the target audience understand the brand better.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The combination of visual and audio aspects in a brand enhancement strategy facilitates in arousing positive attitude towards the brand and draws the attention of the target consumers. Hence, the two modes of advertisement compliment each other to enhance brand experience. Without the two, an organisation would not be able to capture all aspects of communication that are critical in brand enhancement. This paper will look at how both visual and sound might facilitate to enhance brand experience. Visual importance Physiological and emotional changes What we see have significant influence on our emotions, our reactions, and they define whom we are. We continually familiarise with our surroundings through experimentation and experience. According to a research conducted by Albert Mehrabian, a psychologist, the majority of the advertisements are nonverbal. The reason behind this assertion is that people process visual advertisements at a higher rate relative to textual advertisements. Additional studies have proved than the â€Å"human brain decodes pictorial presentations concurrently, while language or text is interpreted in a sequential and linear manner and it requires time† (Grossman, 2003, p.193). Human beings are genetically conditioned to react in a different way to images relative to texts. For instance, people have an inherent tendency to prefer big images that depict open landscapes since they trigger a sense of contentment and well-being. During the process of child development, the child begins by seeing things before it can learn to speak. Unless the brand’s â€Å"ideas, words, and concepts are attached to an image, they are likely to go through one ear of the customer and exit through the other† (Grossman, 2003, p.193). According to psychologists, human being processes words using a short-term memory. Hence, only few words are retained making it hard for customers to retain texts. The same visual constituents that we are permanently attracted to and we swiftly absorb not only pass across data more effectively and efficiently but also have significant impacts on our emotions. For example, â€Å"a research has proved that when people are exposed to red colour for a long duration, their breathing and pulse rates go up† (Grossman, 2003, p.194). Today, many people go by the saying â€Å"seeing is believing†. Even though some of the images we se might be altered, the fact remains that images are more persuasive. The same applies in the business world. Brand images facilitate in persuading consumers to associate with the brand. According to Grossman (2003, p.191), â€Å"Visual communication is more ubiquitous than ever before†. Images do what words alone cannot do.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Combining visual and sound to enhance Brand Experience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They affect the audience both emotionally and cognitively. Images increase and accelerate the rate of communication. Visual clues included in brand advertisement help the target consumers decipher the text (Keller, 2003). Moreover, they draw the consumers’ attention increasing their chances of retaining the conveyed message. Visual presentations â€Å"affect or enhance attitudes and emotions and graphics normally trigger our imagination and stimulate other areas of our brains, which heighten our creativity† (Keller, 2003, p. 596). When a person becomes creative, one is capable of understanding the presented information and retaining it. In most cases, people make decisions based on their emotions (Keller, 2003). Emotions play a significant role in learning, perceptions, and in the decision-making process. Besides, they significantly affect the system of cogent thinking. According to behaviour psychologists, emotions and intuitive judgment significantly influence our decisions (Keller, 2003). Hence, the images organisations show to their audience influence their decisions. The images affect the emotions of the target audience, which in return influence their decision-making. Graphics facilitate to establish brand identity. Images bring out the picture of advertisers. In addition, they show what the advertisers believe in and stand for, and how it might be of help to the audience (Keller, 2003). Since graphics have the ability to influence the audience, they act as strong selling entities. How an institution uses its visuals determines how the audience views the institution as well as its staff. Research has proved that graphics have a significant effect on the audience’s understanding of the issue a t hand and, by extension the presenter. The audience’s perception of the presented idea, attitude towards the idea and the presenter, and their emotional state greatly influences the decisions made by the audience (Keller, 2003). Definitely, visual presentation has a great impact on the decisions made by the target audience. Organisations that make good use of visual images in advertising their brands are able to overcome competition. Case study Organisations understand the role played by visual advertisements in enhancing brand image and brand experience. This element underlines the reasons â€Å"why organisations spend billions of dollars yearly to come up with the most appropriate images to help sell their ideas, services, or products† (Keller, 2003, p.599).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Every year, organisations spend heavily in visual advertisements with an aim to enhance brand identity and increase their customer base. A case where visual communication has significantly facilitated in enhancing brand experience is in Coca Cola’s advertisement in India. For a long time, the Coca-Cola Company was out of the Indian market (Kadri, 2006). When the company resumed into this market, it had to come up with measures to overcome competition and attract more customers, which prompted the company to embark on visual communication since it was easy for the locals to decipher. The company came up with a Thanda print advertisement depicting a truck driver cooling the truck’s radiator with water using a coke bottle (Kadri, 2006). The advertisement was portrayed in a way that it acknowledged the local people, therefore, making the consumers perceive that the company recognises them and wishes to relate with them. This advertisement went a long way in helping the Coc a-Cola Company regain its glory in the Indian market. Source: Kadri, 2006. Brand experience benefit Visual advertisement has numerous benefits to the company with respect to brand enhancement. One of the benefits a company accrues from visual advertisement is the establishment of a strong relationship with customers. Most of the current strong brands were once novel in the market. Through advertisements, the customers increasingly get to know the brand and become loyal to the brand leading to the establishment of a strong relationship (Keller, 2003). Visual advertisement helps consumers recall the brand whenever they come across it. This element facilitates in cutting down on the advertisement cost as well as overcoming competition. Once the customers become loyal to a brand, it is hard for a rival company to convince them to abandon the brand and start using a new brand. Hence, visual advertisement relives a company from the cost of having to advertise its brand all the time. Apar t from customer retention, visual advertisement leads to numerous customers knowing the brand therefore increasing the sales volume of an organisation (Keller, 2003). When customers get satisfied with any brand, they always go back for the brand. Besides, the return customers lure their friends to use the same brand, which helps the respective company to expand its customer base thus promoting sales growth. Sound Importance Physiological and emotional changes A strong brand identity is normally viewed in terms of the brand logo, name, and stylish package design. All these perceptions involve visual sense. Nonetheless, this view does not describe what actually comprises a strong brand identity. For brand identity to be strong, it has to consider all the five senses that human being uses to identify with everything that surrounds him (Lindstrom, 2011). It is hard for an organisation to incorporate the senses of touch and taste in brand identity. Nevertheless, some companies like Singa pore Airlines have managed to incorporate the sense of smell in their brand identity strategy. Currently, organisations are focusing on sound as the alternative method of enhancing brand experience. Sound can be classified into three groups, which are ambiance, voice, and music. Voice is any sound made by a human being. Ambiance refers to â€Å"any sound made by our environment, such as the sound made by machines† (Lindstrom, 2011, p. 89). Music is any sound made by combining instrumental sounds and vocals. Music plays a significant role to enhance brand experience. While visual, touch, or taste features of a product requires customers to have direct contact with the product for them to understand the brand, sound feature is a good channel for reaching customers without them having to do anything (Lindstrom, 2011). People are exposed to sounds at all time and they are not required to do something to hear the sounds. Besides, human beings are exposed to sounds long before they are born. This exposure helps them learn to interpret different sounds and decipher their meanings. Besides, sounds affect people’s mood thus making them to feel sleepy, energised, sad, or happy. The sound used in brand advertisement might lead to the target audience being energised or looking down upon the brand. Using an attractive music to advertise a brand leads to the target audience being keen to understand the brand (Lindstrom, 2011). Besides, the music makes the target audience develop a positive perception towards the company, and makes them wish to go a step further to understand the brand. Music inspires people and makes them attentive. Hence, using music to advertise a brand might help the company to draw the attention of many consumers and make the brand known to many (Juslin, 2001). Psychologists have proved that people strongly relate music to specific memories. Hence, sound has the ability to make consumers recall specific experiences, which underlines the re ason why organisations are turning to sound as one of the strategies of enhancing brand experience. Using a unique sound like music to advertise a particular brand would go a long way to make sure that customers remember the brand whenever the song is played. Using sound to enhance brand experience helps customers to distinguish the brand from others (Juslin, 2001). Sound not only helps customers remember the brand, but also helps the customers learn something about the company. Hence, organisations position their sounds in a way that makes them stand out from others. For instance, they look for the most attractive music in terms of melody and ensure that the music is of high quality. In this way, consumers perceive the company to offer quality products by the mere nature of the quality of their brand advertisement. The influence of music in brand enhancement is indisputable (Juslin, 2001). Music spurs an emotional reaction and, therefore, it quickly establishes client identificatio n with a brand. Music, as a constituent of an inclusive brand management has a high emotional effect across all the target groups and it can be used in different ways. For instance, organisations can use logo sounds, incorporate music in radio advertisements, use background music in stores, and incorporate on-hold music in their telephones (Juslin, 2001). This assertion implies that music is everywhere and is a viable method of enhancing organisational brand. Case study Many companies are now using music as one of the methods of enhancing brand awareness. Today, companies use customised play lists that add value to products or services they offer. Music can facilitate to relay a message to target customers if done correctly and at the right time (Juslin, 2001). Currently, most of the American companies have understood the role played by audio branding in brand enhancement and are now turning to music as one of their brand enhancement strategies. Since 1934, Muzak, a United States co mpany has been producing functional music to facilitate in brand enhancement (Juslin, 2001). The company comes up with background music that the consumer is expected to recognise at a subconscious level. The music creates a serene atmosphere and cheers up customers. With time, the company has transformed its background music to reflect certain lifestyles and identity based on consumer demand. Companies use this music to establish a cooperative environment with their customers. Brand experience benefit One of the benefits of sound in brand experience is that it facilitates in retention of the brand in the mind of the target audience. People have the tendency of remembering sounds like music and associating them with specific phenomena (McEnally De Chernatony, 1999). Hence, when an institution uses sound or music to communicate its brand to the target audience, the audience always remembers the brand whenever they hear the music or music with similar melody is played. This aspect imp lies that an organisation does not have to incur an extra cost in advertising its brand every now and then like other methods of brand enhancement requires. Sound may help an organisation to tap into idle brand potential. For instance, an organisation can use sound like music to create emotions and differentiate its idle brands, therefore, enhancing the brand identity and improving the performance of these brands in the market. Music arouses an emotional feeling in the target consumers (McEnally De Chernatony, 1999). Hence, an institution might use it to trigger an emotion towards a product or service that is not performing well in the market, which would make consumers identify with the product or service. In the process, the respective organisation would enhance its brand in the market by making sure that consumers identify with all its products or services. By using sounds and melodies that are instantly recognisable, an organisation would be able to round off its brand identity in a unique way. Some of these sounds might include audio logo, brand song, the jingle, and soundscape (McEnally De Chernatony, 1999). Combining visual and sound Association Combining of visual and sound communication to enhance brand experience goes a long way not only to promote understanding and awareness among the target consumers but also to make sure that the consumers retain the image of the brand (Eimer, 1999). When communicating, it is easier to do it on a face-to-face context than through email. Visual or sound communication alone has particular shortcomings that might jumble the message or lead to misunderstanding (McEnally De Chernatony, 1999). The combination of visual and sound communication helps to boost the likelihood of the audience understanding the message. Even though visual communication might help the target audience to understand the intended message, the communication might fail to inspire or trigger emotional thoughts, which are crucial in making sure th at the audience responds to the message. Hence, inclusion of sound in a visual communication helps to inspire the target audience and encourage them to associate with the brand. Companies include sound in a visual communication to create the fundamental argument. Some of the images the organisations use in the advertisement campaigns carry deeper meaning than they portray (Eimer, 1999). However, a majority of the consumers do not decipher the inner meaning of the advertisement. In such an instance, inclusion of sound facilitates in inspiring the consumers to be impulsive and to take the initiative to pursue that what they desire. There is a strong synergy between visual and sound communication in brand management. The sound cues included in an audio communication serves to convey additional information, which the visual communication does not offer. Consequently, it makes the target audience understand the brand better. According to Eimer (1999), â€Å"visual and auditory stimuli c ompete for audiences’ attention because of humans’ limitation on processing multiple sources of information†¦the tradeoff between attentional resource allocations across sensory channels implies that audio-visual information promotes a stronger brand experience† (p. 1252). A study by Mayer and Moreno (2002), found that students that employed audiovisual techniques in analysing data did well than those that used only visual or audio technique. The study proved that combining visual and sound techniques in any form of communication boosts understanding. The same case applies to brand enhancement. Combination of visual and audio communication in an advertisement facilitates in enhancing brand experience. Inclusion of both audio and visual elements in a message facilitates to elicit positive attitude in the target audience. In most cases, visual communication is not inspiring (Mayer Moreno, 2002). Hence, the target audience might not take any interest in a visu al message even if it targets them. On the other hand, most of the audio messages are crafted in a manner that they are captivating. Consequently, the combination of visual and audio aspects in a brand enhancement strategy facilitates in arousing positive attitude towards the brand and draws the attention of the target consumers. Attitude is critical in determining the consumer behaviour (Mayer Moreno, 2002). If consumers develop a negative attitude towards a particular advertisement, they are likely not to take the initiative to understand the brand the advertisement is propagating. On the other hand, if the advertisement invokes positive attitude in the audience, it is likely to take the initiative to understand the brand even more (Mayer Moreno, 2002). Therefore, the ability by audio communication to elicit positive attitude within the audience facilitate to reinforce a visual communication in an advertisement, therefore, enhancing brand experience. Case study Currently, organi sations are turning to audiovisual mode of communication to advertise their products or services. Businesses are learning the benefits of including sounds in pictorial or textual messages. Sounds trigger the emotions making the target audience take an extra step to achieve what it desires. Hence, including sounds in a pictorial brand advertisement makes the target consumers desire to know more about the brand (Mayer Moreno, 2002). In the process, an organisation manages to make its brand known to the public. One of the organisations that are currently using audiovisual communication is the Nike Company. The company teamed up with Dazed Digital Magazine to come up with an audiovisual advertisement dubbed Nike FIELD. The advertisement incorporates digital technology, music, and human action. The main objective of introducing this audiovisual communication was to help the Nike Company advertise its sportswear brand (Vong, 2012). The advertisement is interactive and allows its viewers to change the colour and direction of the images. By making the advertisement fascinating, Nike Company has managed to popularise its sportswear across the globe. Today, many people have the perception that the company produces the best quality of sportswear as evidenced by their preference by most of the sports personnel. Brand experience benefit The main brand experience benefit accrued from audiovisual communication is that the communication facilitates in enhancing brand awareness. As earlier noted, people are capable of deciphering images faster than sounds or texts. Hence, incorporating the two in an advertisement creates a basic argument (Muehling, 2000). The two helps in bringing out the deeper meaning of the advertisement that a single mode of communication could not bring out. Consequently, audiovisual communication makes the target audience understand the brand better than they could when using a single mode of communication. Emotions influence the consumer decision-makin g process (Muehling, 2000). Consequently, for consumers to like a particular brand, its advertisement should be able to arouse their emotions. Audiovisual advertisements have the capacity to trigger the emotions of the target consumers thus making them use the brand. Either the sound or the visual component of the advertisement is positioned in an attractive manner drawing the attention of the consumers. Besides bringing out the deeper meaning of the brand and triggering emotions within the consumers, audiovisual communication facilitates in retention of the conveyed message. According to study conducted by the United States Department of Labour, people retain 10 percent and 35 percent of information relayed through audio and visual channels respectively. However, after combining the two modes of communication, people retain 65 percent of the information (Muehling, 2000). The fact that audiovisual communication facilitate in information retention makes it the most appropriate method of brand advertisement. Using this mode of advertisement helps in making sure that the consumers remember the brand for a long time. Hence, the method facilitate in enhancing brand experience. Applying the benefits of sound and visual to enhance brand experience According to Keller (2003, p. 595), â€Å"Brand experience is associated with the strength of a brand node in memory, as reflected in the consumer’s ability to identify the brand under different conditions.† There is a common belief that brand experience entails two dimensions. The fist dimension is brand recognition, which is a cognitive process and it entails easy salvage. The second dimension is brand remembrance, which comes when a consumer is able to elucidate a brand-motivation that is not physically available. Combining visual and sound communication in a brand advertisement campaign facilitates to enhance brand experience in that it boosts the consumers’ ability to recognise and distinguish the brand from others (Keller, 2003). Different brands may use almost similar sounds in their advertisements. Consequently, using sound alone in brand advertisement might lead to the consumers getting confused. Nevertheless, different brands cannot use similar images in their brand advertisements. The fact that people are able to decipher and retain pictorial messages more than textual or sound messages implies that inclusion of images in brand advertisement would help consumers distinguish the brand from others whenever they come across it. Currently, consumers identify the brands of most of the popular companies through their logos. For instance, people identify the Nike Company with the â€Å"tick† sign it uses as its logo. Even if companies like Adidas happen to use audio messages resembling those of Nike Company to advertise its sportswear, consumers would be able to distinguish the two because of the difference in their logos (Wilbum, 2006). Hence, a combination of visual a nd sound elements in a communication helps to enhance brand experience since the two boosts brand recognition. Whenever the target audience hears a certain sound, they attribute it to a particular brand, and to make sure that the sound belongs to that brand, they use the brand’s image. In other words, visual and sound compliment each other to enhance brand experience. People develop image awareness at an early age. For instance, when a child is six months old, it can develop mental images of different items and remember the items whenever it comes across the images (Ji, 2002). The same happens to brand awareness. Inclusion of visual components in an audio advertisement helps the target audience develop mental images of the particular brand. As time goes by, the image is implanted in their mind. Hence, whenever the consumers come across the image, it reminds them about the brand. One of the best areas where audiovisual advertisement would be of great importance in enhancing br and experience is when advertising children products. Ji (2002) posits, â€Å"Children will instinctively favour a particular brand due to the connection or relationship they had formed as a child† (p. 369). Hence, a combination of sound and visual presentations might go a long way to enhance brand experience among the children. Introducing children to sounds or images of a particular brand at an early age would help an organisation enhance the brand experience among the children. This aspect would ensure that the children continue using the brand even at their later age. Audiovisual advertisements do not only help in enhancing brand awareness but they also help in establishing an interactive environment between the organisation and the target consumers. In the process, the interaction might be switched into an exclusive and steady event-experience for customers across all the touchpoints of the particular brand (Travis, 2000). The combination of audio and visual elements in a brand advertisement helps the company play around with the emotional responses of the target audience. This element helps to promote an intricate buying behaviour within the consumers. Music is one of the major audio components that evoke emotions within the consumers. Hence, organisations are continuously integrating music into most of their visual advertisements (Travis, 2000). According to Beeching and Flemmings (2005), music helps the advertisers establish an experience where consumers relate with brands at their own pleasure. Beeching and Flemmings (2005) posit that audiovisual communication helps in differentiating a brand from others. By targeting consumers through audiovisual advertisement, companies are able to do away with challenges of brand differentiation. Currently, visual marketing dominates the society. Demographic approach in the market is inclined towards visual advertisements. Most of the advertisers design their messages based on how they wish the target market to perceive the message visually (Travis, 2000). The advertisers fail to understand the role that sound plays in influencing consumer decisions. Including sound in a visual advertisement, helps to capture the values that consumers wish to see in a brand. Hence, inclusion of sounds like music in a visual advertisement enhances brand experience and gives the brand a competitive edge. Case study In response to the challenges encountered in the brand enhancement campaigns, there has emerged a novel technique in the field of brand advertisement. Currently, organisations are embracing sonic branding as the most recent mode of enhancing brand awareness. Sonic branding technique combines both visual and sound elements in brand advertisements. Nevertheless, the technique put more weight on sound elements than on visual (Levie Lentz, 2004). Sonic brand employ sound as the channel for communicating the importance of a brand. It focuses on brand identity and it tries to persuade consumers to purchase the particular brand. This technique tries to revolutionise the role of sound in brand advertisement by cutting down on the level of brand’s reliance on visual communication. The technique uses sound to transmit the brand’s value while using visual elements like texts to capture the consumer’s attention creatively. One of the core values behind brand identity is uniqueness. For a brand to withstand competition, it has to be unique and to stand out from others in the market. Sonic branding employs sound and visual elements to introduce the brand and to spur interest within the consumers (Levie Lentz, 2004). The technique uses music to present a brand in a way that it captures the personality of the target consumers, which facilitates to differentiate the brand from others, makes the brand unique, and easy for consumers to remember. Garnier TM is one of the companies that have used sonic branding technique to enhance brand experience. The company has a s onic logo that uses a unique sound, which makes the consumer perceive the company’s brand as unique, honest, and memorable. Conclusion Currently, there is stiff competition among numerous brands in the market. Every company is using all the available means to position its brand in a unique way. With most of the companies using advertisement to differentiate their brands and to enhance brand experience, it has turned out that combining visual and sound elements in a brand advertisement campaign would go a long way to enhance brand experience. Each of these elements plays a unique role in the enhancement of brand experience. What we see has a significant influence on our reactions, emotions and it defines us. People normally decipher images at a higher rate than sounds. Moreover, they are able to retain the images for a longer period and to recall whenever they come across the images. In addition, images affect our attitudes and emotions triggering creativity. Hence, inclusion of visual elements in a campaign aimed to enhance brand experience would facilitate in heightening chances of consumers to understand and remember the brand for a long time. On the other hand, sound plays a significant role to enhance brand experience. Sounds like music affect the mood of the target audience. The sound might energise or demoralise them. The sway of music in brand enhancement is indisputable. Music spurs an emotional reaction. Therefore, it quickly establishes client identification with a brand. Music as one of the components of brand management strategy helps to capture the emotions of the target group. Since emotions play a significant role in the decision-making process, capturing the emotions of the target audience increases the possibility of the audience to associate with the brand. Psychologists have proved that people strongly relate music with specific memories. Hence, sound has the ability to make consumers recall specific experiences. This aspect underline s the reason why organisations are turning to sound as one of the strategies of enhancing brand experience. By combining visual and sound elements in a brand advertisement campaign, a company improves the chances of enhancing brand experience. The two elements facilitate to establish a basic argument. While consumers are capable of deciphering images and retaining them in their memories for a long time, sound helps to inspire and arouse emotions of the target audience. Once the target audience is aroused emotionally, it takes the initiative to understand the particular brand, which might be by trying the brand. In the process of using a brand, the target consumer might experience and like it thus being loyal to the brand. Combining visual and audio aspects in brand awareness campaign might help to establish an interactive environment between the organisation and the target consumers. In the process, this interactive environment might be transformed into a steady and unique event-exp erience for customers making them understand and embrace the brand. The combination of audio and visual elements in a brand advertisement helps the company play around with the emotional responses of the target audience. This element influences them in their decision-making process luring them to use the brand. If sound and visual elements are blended well, they might help in bringing out the brand quality. Consumers associate advertisement with brand quality. Hence, a high quality advertisement depicts the brand as of high quality increasing the chances of the consumers using the brand. References Aaker, D., Keller, K. (2005). Consumer evaluations of brand extensions. Journal of Marketing, 54(1), 27–41. Beeching, M., Flemmings, J. (2005). Don’t tell – Brand experience is the new marketing imperative. Web. Eimer, M. (1999). Can attention be directed to opposite locations in different modalities: An ERP study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110(7), 1252–1259. Grossman, R. (2003). Branding in advertising: Developing effective associations. Journal of Product Brand Management, 6(3), 191–201. Ji, M. (2002). Children’s relationships with brands: â€Å"True Love† or â€Å"One Night Stand†? Psychology and Marketing, 19(4), 369 – 387. Juslin, P. (2001). Music and Emotion: Theory and Research (Series in Affective Science). Oxford, UK: OUP Oxford. Kadri, M. (2006). Visual communication of Coca Cola in India as a site of mediation between global and local factors. Web. Keller, K. (2003). Brand synthesis: The multidimensionality of brand knowledge. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(4), 595–600. Levie, W., Lentz, R. (2004). Effects of text illustrations: A review of research. Educational Communications and Technology Journal, 30(4), 195-232. Lindstrom, M. (2011). Brandwashed: tricks companies use to manipulate our minds and persuade us to buy. London, UK: Crown Business. Mayer, R., Moreno, R. (2002). Aids to computer-based multimedia learning. Learning and Instruction, 12(1), 107–19. McEnally, M., De Chernatony, L. (1999). The evolving nature of branding: Consumer and managerial considerations. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 199(2), 1–30. Muehling, D. (2000). Comparative advertising: The influence of attitude-toward-the-ad on brand evaluation. Journal of Advertising, 16(4), 43–9. Travis, D. (2000). Emotional branding: how successful brands gain the irrational edge. London, UK: Crown Business. Vong, K. (2012). Dazed Digital and Nike FIELD project incorporates human action. Web. Wilbum, M. (2006). Managing the customer experience: a measurement-based approach. New York, NY: ASQ Quality Press. This essay on Combining visual and sound to enhance Brand Experience was written and submitted by user Cheyenne Mccarty to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Communication log #1 Essays - Animation, Angry Kid, Filmmaking

Communication log #1 Essays - Animation, Angry Kid, Filmmaking Communication log #1 Assignment #4 The first person I interviewed about their problem in communication is my dad. He said that his biggest problem is being impatient and demanding sometimes. H e expects an answer immediately and doesn't give the other person the chance to take his/her time to talk . He feels like the other person does not comprehend what he is trying to convey to them. I believe my Dad needs to take his time in trying to communicate with others and give them the opportunity to answer at his/her pace. I myself find myself at times finishing other people's sentences when they speak too slow, but know that I can't speak for them. The second person I interviewed about their problem in communication is my mom. She said she finds it hard to talk to people she doesn't know well. She doesn't know what to talk about with people she just met. She is not the kind of person to approach strangers and speak to them randomly. However, she tries to solve this problem by being more open and friendlier. I can relate to not being able to communicate with people I just met. The third person I interviewed about their problem with communication is my middle sister, Gabby. Her name says it all; she talks a bit much at times . She doesn't think before she talks and people that don't know her can assume she is rude. She tries to solve this by restraining herself from saying certain things and being more mindful of what she says. I have always been respectful of others and try not to say offensive things. The fourth person I interviewed about their problem with communication is my aunt, Norma. She tries to dominate all conversations and doesn't give others the chance to speak. She is always talking about herself and her children in a boastful manner. She is trying to learn how to be less arrogant and letting other speak too. I can't relate to my aunt because I enjoy listening to other people talk about them more than I like to speak about myself. The fifth person I interviewed about their problem with communication is my older sister, Jasmin. She was born talking and then became a teacher for elementary grade school children. She feels like she has the authority to always speak and that everyone else should always listen to her. She tries to let others be in command of the conversations at times. I can't relate to this problem because I like to let others talk too.

Management (potential automated systems) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management (potential automated systems) - Essay Example Automation has implications for both the engine and deck departments. One of the primary responsibilities of the deck department is safe navigation. They are responsible for communicating with other ships, communicating with the vessel tracking system, planning safe courses, executing courses, and avoiding collision with other ships. When executing manoeuvres, the deck department communicates the required changes in engine speed to the engine room, where the appropriate adjustments are made. Automation plays a major role in the deck department, and prototype systems suggest that automation may play an even more important role in the future. Automation in the deck department began with the development of the radar, and has progressed to radar enhanced with automated radar plotting aids. More recently, the electronic chart display information system is beginning to replace paper charts. Perhaps the most advanced automation systems are artificial intelligence systems that combine naviga tion and ship performance information to provide routing and manoeuvring suggestions to the crew. Other developments include more advanced autopilots that enhance fuel efficiency, and complex combinations of engine, rudder, and thruster's controllers that enable the watch officer to dock the ship without need for multiple tugboats. Several countries are working to develop fully integrated bridges that combine elements of all these automated systems to produce an integrated suite of navigation and ship control aids. These changes may make it possible for a single person to act as the helmsman, lookout, and watch officer. (Dicken, 2003) Similar changes have occurred in the engine department. Older ships operate with a 24-hour watch consisting of a wiper, a water-tender, a fireman, and an engineer. However, technology has automated many aspects of the engineering department and has made unattended engine rooms possible. Automation supports planned maintenance with computerized schedules of maintenance tasks. Automation also supports predictive maintenance by tracking changes in vibration signatures of engine components and providing sophisticated ultrasound data that verify the structural integrity of system components. On these ships, the engine room is monitored remotely and engineers perform maintenance during normal work hours. (Dicken, 2003) Automation Pros & Cons Automation on modern ships has begun to blur the distinction between the deck and engineering departments. In older ships, a bell system relayed bridge commands to the engine room, where the engines were manually adjusted to meet bridge orders. Now, direct control from the bridge allows the deck department to implement engine speed changes directly. In addition, displays on the bridge convey data that were once only available to the engineering department. Providing deck personnel with data from the engine room imposes new demands on them. These changes may introduce new knowledge requirements regarding interpretation of engine room data similar to those found in the process control domain. Introducing remote monitoring systems distances mariners from a wide variety of potentially useful information (smells, noises, vibrations) only available in the engine room

Agency visit project. the international center in the University of Essay

Agency visit project. the international center in the University of Missouri, columbia - Essay Example Similarly, I noticed that the center facilitates and supports students, as well as faculties outside the United States who are engaged in building relationship and international research. I was really moved by the efforts the center has made to ensure that the incoming international students get enough orientation to settle quickly in the United States. The organization of agencies is critical in the quest to offer quality service. The International Center in the University of Missouri is well-organized to offer quality service to the international students. I was able to note that the organization shares information regarding where the students can seek health care service after their arrival in the United States. In fact, the center gives the students the information before they even arrive in the United States. After the students arrive in the United States, the center has an orientation program in which it brings key speakers from students’ health center and counseling center to discuss issues pertinent to students’ health. Similarly, the center has ensured that the students overcome cultural shock within the shortest time possible. Culture shock can hinder the students’ pleasant stay in the United States (Williams, 2005).). In this regard, the center has ensured that the students do not face any challenges seeking the health services while studying in the United States. I believe that this is important because it can be challenging for the international students if they do not know where to find services central to their welfare. The mission statement guides agencies to achieve their goals. I recognized that the delivery of quality service, especially to the immigrants is enshrined in the center’s mission. Notably, the center is committed to ensuring it provides up-to-date information and support to the immigrants. The center uses a variety of communication channels

Compare and Contrast Presentation Outline Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast Presentation Outline Essay While spending time thinking about the goal in my life, the only one answer coming up in my mind is to achieve success. But what exactly the word ‘success’ should be defined? Thinking considerably, there are at least two fundamental achievements in life that inspire people. One is to be rich, while another one is to be famous. Though these two words are somehow closely related if you think about the celebrities who are famous and rich at the same time, there are some others who only have high recognition but not rich, such as Mother Teresa who devoted her whole life doing charity for the poor. Therefore, the topic that I am really interested in is about whether to be rich or to be famous is the key word for success. Being famous does not necessary mean bring rich, and vice-versa. Both generally bring satisfaction if brought to one in a positive manner, or in a way he/she intended it to. Because being famous and being rich are both signs leading to success, which in most cases, is the human’s ultimate goal. Being just either rich or famous, other than being a positive thing, could produce highly negative and unwanted end results too. A huge percentage of people are famous as a result of all sorts of negativity, such as criminal acts and negative politics. At the same time, a good part of the world’s drug lords and terrorism-driven groups are fairly rich too. So when does being rich or famous become a good thing? Usually, a combination of being rich and famous, surprisingly, doesn’t do as much harm to coexisting peers, as the former would. Although criminals who fall under lists such as ‘FBI’s Most Wanted’, turn out to be rich and famous, regardless of how they got to where they are. But a bigger portion of the ‘rich and famous’ category are occupied by highly paid movie stars and sportsmen, neither of whom does much harm to the society. What I expect from contrasting their difference is that the readers will realize being famous is the sustainable way to achieve success rather than being rich. In other words, money cannot be used to buy the fame. Though being rich is another sign of success, without being famous, one can be forgotten easily. On the other hand, being famous is eternally recognized by people. Even if they died, the world still praise and remind of their accomplishments. By standing on this opinion, people will not just look forward to making money, but will try themselves on inventing new things, creating beautiful arts, and doing whatever they are interested to become well-known by others and then succeed in their lives. The key word to success should start from being famous and will prove that it is true by giving examples about people who were quite poor but famous and successful in their lives. The contrast presentation will be controlled differently in each slide depending on famous area of those people. As a result, this presentation is worthy to compose because it will be such a good lesson to teach everyone, including myself, to understand the regular basis of being successful in life. Trying to be famous is the first step to achieve sustainable success.

Essay --

Superbugs: Overcoming the Resistance Bio 1M03 PBL Project March 11, 2014 This report has been edited and approved by all contributing group members before submission. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has presented many problems in our society, including an increased chance of fatality due to infections that could have otherwise been treated with success. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, but overexposure to these drugs give the bacteria more opportunities to mutate, forming resistant strains. Through natural selection, those few mutated bacteria are able to survive treatments of antibiotics and then pass on their genes to other bacterial cells through lateral gene transfer (Zhaxybayeva, 2011). Once resistance builds in one patient, it is possible for the strain to be transmitted to others through improper hygiene and failure to isolate patients in hospitals. Resistance arises from mutations that are not under the control of humans, but the evolution of bacteria has been sped along by the overexposure of antibiotics to both people and animals. The number of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria in an area is closely related to the frequency that antibiotics that are prescribed (Todar, 2012). Patients often unnecessarily demand antibiotics to treat common colds or simple illnesses that are not caused by bacteria. Instead, these infections are caused by viruses which, unlike bacteria, are unaffected by antibiotics. Incorrect diagnosis can also lead patients to using unnecessary antibiotics, which can sometimes be even more dangerous than otherwise left untreated. Besides the fact that antibiotics kill off beneficial bacteria in the intestines, misuse of antibiotics provides an opportunity ... ... antibiotic resistance has quickly become an increasing concern in recent times due to the growing use of antibiotics. To combat this problem, we propose that healthy intestinal floras be maintained after antibiotic resistance using fecal bacteriotherapy, and that processes of lateral gene transfer be disrupted before antibiotic resistance through the use of copper surfaces and after antibiotic resistance through synthesized CSPs. Continuing research in these solutions as well as implementing these strategies into mainstream medicine will certainly reduce the frequency of antibiotic resistance along with incidences of serious disease outbreaks in hospitals. With a better understanding of the causes of antibiotic resistance and the role that patients and doctors play in these causes, it is time to move forward and attempt to eradicate this problem once and for all.

As Business Studies Unit 1 Revision Notes

Unit 1 Business- Revision * Enterprise- The ability to handle uncertainty and deal efficiently with change. * Entrepreneur- someone who has a flair for business ideas and has the confidence to take the risks involved in setting up a business. * Successful entrepreneurs: * Passion * Motivate people around them * Determined to succeed * Self-belief * Common characteristics of successful entrepreneurs: * Self-confidence- believe in your ideas; products and be able to motivate others. * Initiative- being prepared to start something. * Hard working- not easy to set up a business. * Creativity- inventing new products, finding new ways to do things. Resilience- be prepared to redesigned and rethink, don’t let setbacks put you off. * Taking risks. * Small Businesses: * Less then 50 employees * Value of sales less then ? 2. 8 million * Value of balance sheet is less then ? 1. 4million * Why do people set up businesses? * Be your own boss * Work from home * Help others * Gap in market * Redundancy * Peruse a hobby * Make money * Risks: * No job security * Loose money * Others could copy idea * May not have regular income * Debt * Competition * Demand for product falls * Rewards: * Enjoy * Personal pride/satisfaction * MAKE MONEY * Satisfied customers Provide employment * Benefit family * Government Support * Financial- grants, subsidies, tax cuts and loans. * Provide info and support- websites e. g. business link * Create enterprise zones * Reduce regulation- red tape * Revenue expenditure is every day expenditure – gas, electricity, paying suppliers for materials, petrol, wavers and salaries. * Capital expenditure is expenditure on assets- car, machinery and equipment. Sources of Finance * Retained profit: * Whatever profits the business makes is ploughed back into the business to make it grow. * Advantages * Doesn’t have to be repaid No interest charges * More the business grows, more of a profit you make * Disadvantages * maybe limited- constrain rate of business expansion * may run out quickly * still have to pay money back * the more profit you put back into the business the less you get to keep * Sale of Assets * Assets are the things the business owns. * Where the business sells things of their own to raise money. * Advantages * Get money but loose an asset * Dispose of unused assets * Get your money back straight away * Finance development without extra borrowing * Disadvantages Costs money to transfer assets * Taxed on capital gains * Grow in value quicker than what the cash can yield elsewhere * Personal Sources (owners funds) * Its money put into the business by the owner * Advantages * Doesn’t have to be repaid * Immediately available and accessible * Disadvantages * If the business fails you’ve lost your own money * Bank Overdraft * Balance of a bank account when funds withdrawn exceed funds deposited * Arranging a flexible loan on which the business can draw as necessary up to an agreed limit * Advan tages Flexible- there when you need it, helps to maintain cash flow and you only borrow what you need. * Quick – Overdrafts are easy and quick to arrange, providing a good cash flow backup with the minimum of fuss * Disadvantages * Cost  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Overdrafts carry interest and fees; often at much higher rates than loans. This makes them very expensive for long term borrowing. You also face large charges if you go over the agreed overdraft limit. * Recall – Unless specified in the terms and conditions, the bank can recall the entire overdraft at any time.This may happen if you fail to make other payments, or if you have broken terms and conditions; though sometimes the banks simply change their policies. * Security- Overdrafts may need to be secured against your business assets, which put them at risk if you cannot meet repayments. * Trade Credit * Where they can purchase goods and pay at a later date * Advantages * You can buy the stock and pay later when you have sol d the stock and made enough money to pay them back * Eases the cash flow as you can pay after 28-30 days * Disadvantages If you do not pay them back on time you can build up a bad credit history * Only companies with good credit history can be accepted the trade credit grant * Hire Purchase * A business can buy an asset and pay over a period of time with interest. * Advantages * Don’t have to pay it all at once- spreading costs * More money to pay for your own business * Disadvantages * The item you’ve bought could be out of date by the time you’ve finished paying. * Interest could be added. * Leasing * Renting assets * Advantages * Don’t have to pay interest Service & maintenance included * Don’t have to worry about money being withdrawn * Equipment upgraded every few years * Friends and family more willing to lend * Not giving control up * Disadvantages * Money you’ve used for leasing could go else where * The item never belongs to you * B ank Loans * Sum of money lent for a fixed period of time with interest * Advantages * Length of loan can vary * Interest is fixed * Loan guarantees business has money * Bank has no control of business * Disadvantages * Interest rates * Loose possessions due to debt Pay it, even if you’re not earning profit * Venture Capital * Capital invested in a project in which there is a substantial element of risk, typically a new or expanding business. * Advantages * Provide a mentor * Don’t need to repay money back * Helps the business get money externally * Disadvantages * Loose some control of the business * Pay legal & accounting fees * Lengthy process * Share Capital * Any investors that put some money into the business get a share of the profits * Advantages * Helps you start up * Don’t have to pay it back * Business will grow If your bringing extra shareholders in, it will bring in additional expertise’s * Disadvantages * Loose some control of business * Have to give out a share of your profits each year * Business Angel * Is an individual who provides capital for a business start-up usually for business equity * Advantages * have experience from the business angel * good financial start * experiment with ideas * Disadvantages * Give up some of your business * Higher risks of being took * Factors that determine which source of finance to use: * Length of time- short term or long term Control- how much are you willing to give up? * Amount needed * What is the money needed for? * Affordability- can you afford to repay? * Level of risk you are willing to take * Type of business Costs * Expenditures made by a business in order to carry out trading. * Types of costs: * FIXED- those that do not change with levels of output or sales. Also known as indirect cost. * VARIABLE- these that change directly with level of output or sales. Also known as direct cost. * Total costs = Total Costs Fixed Costs Variable Costs Total Costs Fixed Costs Variable Costs * Total Variable Costs OutputTotal Variable Costs Output Average variable cost per unit= * Total Revenue/Turnover * The value of sales over a period of time * Selling price No of Units Sold Selling price No of Units Sold * Total Revenue Total Costs Total Revenue Total Costs Profit- what is left after total costs have been deducted from revenue. * Contribution * not the same as profit- fixed costs are not subtracted * Selling Price per unit Variable Costs per unit Selling Price per unit Variable Costs per unit Goes towards paying your fixed costs, and the left over is profit. * Total Contribution: * you can increase this by: increasing selling price * reduce variable costs per unit Contribution Per unit No of Units Sold Contribution Per unit No of Units Sold * Break-even * Fixed costs of business Contribution per unit Fixed costs of business Contribution per unit The number of products you need to sell or make to cover costs, and not lose anything or make profit. * Break-even Graphs * Margin of safety * Difference between current sales and break-even point * It shows the amount by which demand can fall before the business starts making a loss * What can affect the breakeven point? Action| Effect|Increase fixed costs | Break-even rises, need to make/sell more to break-even| Prices increase| Increase in revenue, break-even point falls| Increase in variable costs| Break-even point rises | Fall in demand | Break-even point is not effected but margin of safety is reduced| Price cut| Break-even increases| * Strengths of Break Even * Simple to understand and useful for ‘what if’ scenarios e. g. what happens if there is a price increase, increase in costs etc. * Helps to estimate future sales or level of output needed to meet objectives in terms of profit * Helps with business decision making e. . to see if a business start-up or new product is viable * Supports applications for finance e. g. loans from the bank * Weaknesses of Break Even * They are predictions for the future, therefore not always reliable due to changes internally and externally in business environment * Assumes all output is sold- not always the case * Only as good as the data on which it is based, therefore inaccurate or poor quality data make it not very useful * Cash Flow Forecasts * What is it? * It’s a prediction showing timings of cash inflows and cash outflows of a business * Its SHORT TERM It shows the impact on a business’ bank balance * NOT THE SAME AS PROFIT * A business may have the potential for profit in the long-term but have short-term cash problems * Purposes: * Forecast when outflows exceed inflows * Plan when and how to finance major items of expenditure * Ensure liquid assets are available to meet payments * Highlight when cash surpluses could be made better use of * Justify to lenders that borrowed funds can be repaid * Benefits * Indicate periods of time where there might be cash flow problems e. g. egative cash flow * Put plans in place to cover periods of negative cash flow e. g. arrange an overdraft or short term loan * If there is significant negative cash flow to identify outflows may be reduced * Review timings and amounts of recipes and payments (e. g. may need to reduce credit terms to customers or extend credit terms with suppliers) * Show to a potential lender or investor e. g. bank of venture capitalist or business angel. * Limitations * Inflows might be inaccurate due to poor market research or incorrect assumption e. g. hat there product will be of higher demand * External factors may affect your forecast e. g. rise in inflation which increases costs, competitors, weather, major event e. g. the Olympic Games * Inexperience- a person new to business has no historical data to base a cash flow on. Their inexperience may also cause them to make inaccurate predictions * Unexpected cost increases e. g. due to inflation or weather * Budgets * A budget is a financial target for the future coveri ng revenue (income) and expenditure * Expenditure budget- allocates money to ‘cost’ areas e. g. alaries, rent, advertising * Income budget- sets out sales revenue target for a department or whole business i. e. how much money they are expected to bring in * Profit budget- sets out target profit for a business or department or individual over a given time period * Why budget? * Help you to not overspend- dependent on good financial control and monitoring * Help with risks- contingencies * Help to motivate staff * Giving financial responsibility * Help with trying to secure funding * Gives you something to monitor against * Help to improve financial efficiency Stages in setting a budget * Benefits of Budgeting * Help motivate staff e. g. given sales targets * Gives people financial responsibility * Helps to control costs * Gives employees financial responsibility * For a new business helps it to assess whether it is viable or not * Can persuade lenders of the viability of the business * Provides clear goals – gives the business something to work towards * Allows monitoring of financial performance against targets * Disadvantages * Time consuming * For a new business there is no historical data * Gathering information can be costly Level of inflation not easy to predict * Can be demotivating for staff if imposed rather than agreed * May be unforeseen changes e. g. in tastes. Supplies, external environment * Inexperience – if you’re not experienced you might make mistakes * Variance Analysis * Measures the difference between forecast budget figures and actual budget figures * A – adverse – negative, not good * F – favourable variance – good ++ * Favourable variance occurs +++ * Where actual profit higher than budgeted * Where actual sales lower than budgeted * Where actual costs lower than budgeted * Adverse variance occurs — Where actual profit lower than budgeted * Where actual sales lower than budgeted * Where actual costs higher than budgeted * Protecting Businesses Rights * Intellectual property * Is property that results from original creative thought, as patents, copyright material and trademarks. * ALL businesses have IP * Your IP is likely to be a valuable asset, it could include * Name of business * Products/services you provide * Written/artistic material you create * Your IP rights can: * Set your business apart from competitors * Be sold or licensed, providing a revenue stream * Offer customers something new or different Form an essential part in your marketing and branding * Be used as security for loans * Patents * A patent is an exclusive right to use a process or produce a product usually for a fixed period of time, up to 20 years * Needed to ensure that competitors cannot copy inventors ideas * This ensures that the inventors can recoup the initial research and development cost * This allows companies to gain an advantage over their competitors and increas e their revenue * Companies can sue other companies that breach these terms and stop them selling the product e. g. Dyson and Hoover * Benefits The patent holder has exclusive commercial rights to use and license the invention * Legal action can be taken against anyone who tries to use this invention without the patent holders consent e. g. competitors * The existence of the patent may be enough to deter would-be infringers * The patent can be sold * Drawbacks * A full description of the invention is published and can be viewed by anyone applying to the appropriate patent administration office. * After the exclusive patent period other people or businesses can freely use the invention without needing permission from or making a payment to the inventor. The cost of the patent may out-weigh the financial advantages of the invention. * Patents take time to create as they need to be very specific * Trademarks * A word, image, sound or smell that enables a business to differentiate itsel f from competitors * Designated by symbols * TM – unregistered trademark GOODS * SM – unregistered service mark SERVICES * R – registered trademark * Advantages * TM and SM can be used to claim ownership without registration * Help owner protect mark from being used by competitors * Once company has trademark ownership it will have exclusive rights worldwide * Disadvantages Owner has to show proof of use at regular intervals – if documents aren’t filed could lose trademark * Weakest IP protection as it protects marketing concepts and not always product itself * Have to pay fee for registration and renewal * Copyright * The protection given to books, plays, films and music * This ensures that people cannot copy or use protected items without the owner’s permission (and usually at a cost) * CR can protect: * Literacy works e. g. ovels, instruction manuals, song lyrics, newspaper articles * Dramatic works e. g. dance or mime * Musical works * A rtistic works e. g. paintings, engravings, photos * Layouts or typographical arrangements used to publish a work e. g. a book * Recordings of a work e. g. sound and film * Broadcasts of work * Advantages * Right to produce and reproduce their work * Right to authorise others to produce or reproduce * Prevents your work from being stolen or misused * Allows copyright holder to sue infringers Disadvantages * Does not allow you to permit others to use your work or to distribute it * You must own the copyright to be able to exercise the rights it grants. Being creator does not always grant ownership * Takes time and costs money * Designs * An industrial design right is an IP right that protects visual designs of objects that are not purely utilitarian (useful) * A recognised design is a legal right which protects the overall visual appearance of a product in the country or countries your register it in. For a designs registration to be valid: * Has to be new * Have individual character * Advantages * Allows owner to control who uses it and how. * Allows author of a creative work to profit from it by charging for its use or by selling or licensing the rights * Gives owner exclusive rights to the use of the property * Deters others from misusing it * Allows owner to take legal action more easily against anyone who uses the design without permission * Compensation for misuse * Disadvantages * Registration can to expensive Not all designs can be registered * Have to be renewed after 25 years * Franchising * A franchise is a business structure in which the owner of a business idea (the franchisor) sells the right to use that idea to another person (the franchisee) usually in return for a fee and a share in any profit the franchisee makes. * A franchisee is a person or company who has paid to become part of an established franchise business e. g. subway or Specsavers * A franchisor is the owner of the holding company and franchise * FRANCHISOR Advantages| Disadvantages| Franchisor can expand business quickly | * Potential loss of control over how the product/service is presented| * Franchisor earns revenue from the franchisees turnover | * Difficult to control quality as franchise network expands | * Risk is shared- much of the cost is met by the franchisee| * Co-ordination and communication problems may increase as it grows | * Franchisee may have good entrepreneurial skills which will earn the franchiser revenue | * Some franchisees become powerful as they acquire a number of franchises | * FRANCHISEE Advantages| Disadvantages| Franchisee able to sell an already recognised and successful product/service| * Proportion of revenue is paid to franchisor | * Take advantage of central services such as marketing, purchasing, training, stock control and accounting systems and admin provided by franchisor | * Franchisee may not fell that business is his/her own. And may not benefit from the personal rewards of entrepreneurship | * Franchisor may have exp erience in the market that the franchisee can benefit from | * Right to operate franchise could be withdrawn | * OVERALL FRANCHISE Advantages| Disadvantages| Existing business format| * Business format already set out | * Banks more likely to lend to a franchise then to a new business | * Still an element of risk involved in buying a franchise, no guarantee of success | * Less risk then new business | * Other franchisees may give the brand a bad reputation| * Already established business | * Maybe difficult to sell the franchise | * There’s thing you need to research before buying a franchise: * Is there any upfront costs? * Any fees need to plan? May need to lease property or equipment from franchisor * How is franchisor making money? Regional protection – guarantees franchisor isn’t going to sell other franchises or open up outlets nearby * How many franchises fail in a year? * Value of a re-sold franchise, is it a profitable investment? * Legal Factors * Publ ic Limited Company (PLC) * Is owned by shareholders and shares can be bought and sold publicly. Advantages| Disadvantages| * Access of funds | * Flotation can be expensive to process| * Many investors| * Company must have ? 50,000 in shares capital and have 25% in shareholders before trading. | * Bankers and lenders see stable business| * Not possible to keep control| * | * Nothing topping competitors buying shares| * | * The owner is not in control. | * Partnership * is more than one person in business together without having a company Advantages| Disadvantages| * few steps to follow to become a partnership| * loss of control| * additional skills | * no liability, can lose possessions | * more capital | * got to be able to trust partner| * share strain| * legally bounded| * different skills | * | * Processes: * Formal documents have to be written * All partners have to agree to and sign the 1980 partnership act * Have to draw up a deed of partnership Private Limited Company (LTD) * Is that the owners are shareholders and their ownership of the business is determined by the proportion of the total shares each person holds. Advantages| Disadvantages| * Access to funds through shares | * Bankers may see business as a risk | * Can’t lose control | * More complicated setup | * Stable structure | * Lenders may see limited liability as a risk| * Limited liability | * | * When shareholders die/resign the business doesn’t stop| * | * Processes: * Have to keep detailed record once trading * Complicated process to setup Sole trader * Is the most common and simplest form of business organisation, it is one person operating a business alone. Advantages| Disadvantages| * Simple and quick to setup | * Unlimited liability | * Inexpensive to setup | * Difficult to raise additional finance | * Any profit made is the owners to keep or reinvest | * All decisions rest with owner| * Owner has complete control| * Drive comes from the owner | * Close relationship betwe en the business and customer can be built up| * | * Hours of work can be tailed to suit entrepreneur| * | * Processes: Very little needed to setup * When up and running must keep basic records for tax, national insurance and VAT purposes. * Not-for-profit businesses – social enterprise * A charitable company that doesn’t keep profits. Advantages| Disadvantages| * Entrepreneurs can earn a living doing something valuable | * Profits and social aims may conflict – difficult choices | * The more successful the more society benefits| * The entrepreneur will always have to accept a lower return than with a profit making business, because a proportion of the profit will go towards the social aim. * Customers may be more willing to buy from a social enterprise | * | * Easier to recruit, motivate and retain employees | * | * Grants or other forms of finance are available | * | * Unlimited Liability- the debts of the business are the owners responsibility * Unincorporated business- owner and business have no separate legal identity. * Added Value * â€Å"the difference in value between the price of the finished product and the cost of materials used† * it is the value of the process of transformation of INPUTS into OUTPUTS * Inputs- also known as the factors of production raw materials i. e. cotton and wheat * labour * land e. g. building and rooms * capital * enterprise * Outputs- is the product or service or benefit to the customer * Business is a process where INPUTS are processed to produce OUTPUTS * At each stage of the process VALUE is ADDED so that the finished product is greater than the sum of value of all the inputs * Adding value you could: * Branding * Quality * Design * Unique features – unique selling point * Size * Reputation * Range of products * Packaging * Celebrity endorsement * Good service * Offers * Location * Additional services Qualifications of staff * Transformation process * This refers to the process or proc esses that factors of production go through in order to produce goods and services. How business activity is classified: * Benefits of adding value * You can charge more * It differentiates you from the competition * Reduces the sensitivity of demand to changes in price * Higher profit margins * Can target product or service at a different marker segment * Business Plan * Is a document setting out the business idea and showing how it is to be financed, marketed and put into practice.It is likely to be crucial part of an attempt to raise finance from outside sources such as a bank. * A detailed document that looks at the workings of a new business. * Structure of a Business Plan 1. Introduction/summary/overview 2. Details of product/service 3. The market- who your customers are 4. Marketing plan – how are you going to attract customers? 5. Staffing plan- employ who? 6. Operational plan- logistics of business e. g. how customers will pay, where you will source things from†¦ 7. Financial plan 8. The future – long term plans, growth and expansion * Benefits Essential planning tool – makes the business think carefully about all aspects of the business * Set objectives against which the business can then measure progress and performance * To support application for finance/funding * Identify any problems or pitfalls e. g. lack of expertise in the business * A written down plan enables continuity, for example, if the owner becomes ill or unable to work in the business for a period of time * Helps assess the viability of a business – is it likely to succeed * Disadvantages Time consuming to research and draw up * Lack of expertise – first time entrepreneur may not have knowledge needed * Forecasts may not happen e. g. sales might not be as predicted * Can be too rigid if owner tries to stick to the plan – needs to be flexible * Market Research * Gathers info about consumers, competitors and distributors within a firms tar get market * Primary Research- data collected by the entrepreneur, or paid to be collected, which does not already exist. Pro’s| Con’s| Aim directly at your objectives | * Expensive,? 10,000 per survey| * Latest info | * Risk of it being bias e. g. interviews and questionnaires | * Assess psychology of customer | * Research findings may only be useable if comparable back data exists. | * Methods: * Observation * Focus groups * Test marketing * Questionnaire – telephone, face to face and email * Secondary Research – data already in existence that has not been collected specifically for the purposes of the entrepreneur. Pro’s| Con’s| Often obtained without cost | * Not updated regularly | * Good overview of a market| * Not tailored to you | * Based on actual sales figures, or research on large samples| * Expensive to buy reports on many different market places | * Sampling * the entrepreneur does not have the resources/time/skills to research everyone so a choice has to be made to select a proportion of those that could be researched * Random sample * Not haphazard * Computers used to generate random lists of people * Quota sample * Characteristics of marker Can be cheaper and accurate * Collected on street corner * Stratified sample * Randomly chosen from a sub-group * Sample size * How many people you want to interview? * Consideration * Cost, time, target market * Quantative Data: * Data in numerical form. An example is ‘8 out of 10 owners who expressed a preference said their cats preferred Whiskers’. * Quantative data is usually collected from larger scale research in order to generate statistically reliable results. * Good for establishing key info about a business and its market * Numerical information * Focuses on what is happening. Techniques * Online survey * Telephone survey * Questionnaire * Qualitative Data: * Data about opinions, attitudes and feelings. It is usually expressed in terms of why p eople feel or behave the way they do. * Difficult and expensive to collect * More revealing and useful * Information about attitudes, feelings and opinions * Focuses why it is happening * Techniques * In-depth interviews * Group discussions * Exam Tips: * When asked to analyse market research carried out, consider the following * Reliability of the research e. g. was it up-to-date? How representative was the research e. g. was the sample representative of the target market. * Sample size – was it large enough to be valid and reliable? * Response rate * Questions – were the right questions asked? * Bias – is the research likely to be bias? Who was asked? Was the method appropriate? E. g. questionnaires often produce bias results. * Market Share, Size and Growth * Market Share – * This is the proportion of a total market accounted for by one Product Company. * Market share can either be expressed as a % or as a value of the overall market * X 100X 100 Compa ny Value Company Value Total value of the market Total value of the market * Market size- * The total sales for a whole market e. g. pet food – expressed in the terms of value (? s) or units. ( don’t know how to calculate it, no specific formula) * Market Growth- * Change in Size Change in Size Measures the percentage change in sales (volume or value) over a period of time. X 100 X 100 Previous Market Size Previous Market Size * To calculate the change is: * New Market Size – Previous Market Size * Understating the Market Market- anyone willing and with the financial ability to buy a product or service. * 2 types: * Electronic market * Does not have a physical presence, but exists in terms of a virtual presence via the internet. * Many businesses have gone from ‘brick to click’ * In fact there are business which exist to help other business create an online presence (e. g. shopcreator. com ) Advantages of Virtual Presence| Disadvantages of Virtual P resence | * All customers are equally near from the business so distribution costs are reasonably constant. * Price transparency| * The world is the market| * Might get a lot of ‘hits’ doesn’t mean people are buying| * Less expensive – marketing & distribution| * No sales staff to encourage & advise| * 24/7 opening, no need to close| * Website crashes| * No requirement for an expensive location. | * Security issues| * Start-up costs lower| * Some people like to go to a shop and browse| * Business can react quicker to customer requests| * Lack of help and support. | Factors Affecting Demand * Price- some products/services have a demand which is very sensitive to price changes. Competition- the actions of competition particularly in relation their prices, or the features of their products will affect demand. * Incomes- some products/services have a demand which is very sensitive to changes in people’s income. * Marketing – there is a relationsh ip between the amount of money spent on marketing and the demand for the product. * External Factors- such as seasonality will also affect demand and possibly price. Market Segmentation. A technique where a whole market is broken down into smaller sections to identify groups of consumers with similar characteristics. * Segmentation characteristics: * AGE * CULTURE * GENDER SOCIAL CLASS * LIFE – CYCLES * INTERESTS/ LIFE STYLE * INCOME * Benefits: * Help them to know customers and suit their needs * Increase sales * Make more profit * Retain more customers * Increase market share * Improve marketing. * Limitations: * Need a good knowledge of the market – a small business start-up may not have this. * Can be difficult to predict customer behaviour – they don’t always behave like predicted. Location * Location is the place where a firm decides to site its operations. * Location decisions can have a big impact on costs and revenues. * E. G. * Skilled labour av ailable * Low land cost * Low rent * Close to customers High unemployment * Low unemployment * Close to raw materials * Close to suppliers * Cheap labour * Government assistance e. g. grants * Room to expand * Within the EU trade area * Low corporation tax * Access to ports * Excellent road networks * Low transport costs * Quantative factors – those that have a numerical value attached to them e. g. low rent * Qualitative factors – other factors associate with, for example, quality of the infrastructure or labour available. * Infrastructure – the fundamental facilities and systems serving a county, city or area, such as transportation and communication systems, power plants and schools.Employing People * Staffing options * Full-time – a member of staff who works in excess of 30 hours per week. Benefits| Drawbacks| * Available all the time to handle unexpected events. | * High cost. | * Able to build up better working relationships with each other- spendin g a lot of time together. | * Might not give the business flexibility in terms of an ability to increase capacity. | * Build up relationships with customers or suppliers. | * | * More loyal and committed. | * | * Take advantage of training opportunities. | * | Part-time – a member of staff who generally works fewer than 30 hours per week or a fraction of a full-time contract. They have the same employment rights as full-time employees. Benefits| Drawbacks| * Flexibility | * Difficult to access training| * Can be used when there are busy periods of trade| * Difficult to communicate between part-time staff| * Extend trading & production periods| * Less able to build close relationships with customers| * Allows people to manage work alongside other commitments, such as family| * Cost of employing and managing people on a part-time basis may not be much lower than full-time. * Job share – wider range of skills and talents| | * Small business- starting point, allow small bu sinesses to build slowly| | * If someone doesn’t want to work full-time they can become part-time and the business still has valuable experienced staff. | | * Temporary- employees who are employed for fixed periods of time, often seasonal workers, can be part-time or full-time. Benefits| Drawbacks| * If the volume of business may be uneven or uncertain the entrepreneur can keep the level of staff very flexible. | * May not know the working of the business or its culture. * Specific tasks or jobs may need doing which may have a finite time period. | * Not as motivated as permanent. | * Business could lack certain skills which are only needed for specific period of times| * Make communication difficult. | * Help a business through a period of short term staff shortage- e. g. maternity cover. | * Customers may not like a constantly changing workforce e. g. service businesses. | * May eventually become permanent. | | * Consultants & Advisors- * Businesses or individuals who provi de professional advice or services over a specific period of time for a fee. Small businesses often use consultants for advice on specific issues as it is more cost effective than employing a permanent member of staff e. g. for advice on marketing, human resources etc. Benefits| Drawbacks| * Bring in skills and expertise. | * Can be expensive. | * More cost effective. | * Not know business as well as employees. | * Adjust size of work-force up or down quickly. | * May not be motivated to work hard. | * Assessing Business Start-ups In order to be able to assess the success of a business you have to look at the original objectives. Business objectives: * Objectives are quantifiable targets set by an organisation against which they can measure their success. * Clearly defined targets for a business to achieve over a certain time period. * Possible objectives: * Profit maximisations- tying to earn as much profit as possible – but this might conflict with other objectives. * Profi t satisfying – making enough profit without risking too much stress or loss of control through employment of too many professional managers. * Survival- primary objective in the first few years of any new business. Sales growth- the owners try to make as many sales as possible. * Social objectives- the main objective would be to correct on of society’s problems but there may be a financial requirement to at least break even too. * Benefits- * Give direction and focus to the owners and the people who work in the business. * Create a well-defined target so the owners can make appropriate plans to achieve these targets. * Inform lenders and investors of the aims of the business. * Give a guideline for assessing the performance of the business overtime. * Must be SMART: Specific- clearly related to only that business * Measurable- putting a value to an objective helps when assessing performance * Agreed- by all those involved in trying to achieve the objective. Increase mo tivational impact. * Realistic – should be challenging but not impossible. * Time specific- should have a time limit so performance can be assessed effectively. * Why new business fail * Insufficient capital * Poor management skills/ lack of experience * Poor location * Lack of planning * Poor market research * Over-expansion * External factors – e. g. price increases, competitors. Niche MarketsA small and clearly identifiable segment of a market. E. g. specialist sports cars, gluten-free food, vinyl, bespoke furniture, tailor-made clothing. Characteristics: * Relatively few customers, therefore small volume of sales. * Premium priced, therefore good potential for profitability. * Product is often highly differentiated. * Usually too small to attract larger businesses, therefore attractive to smaller businesses. Advantages| Disadvantages| * Little competition – easy to gain market share. | * Tend to have higher fixed costs as they are spread across relatively sm all volumes of output/sales. * Can charge premium prices – potential for higher profit. | * Degree of specialisation makes niche markets vulnerable to changes in market conditions. | * Can focus on needs of individual customers and respond quickly to changes in these needs. | * Successful niche may attract interest of larger firms – small firms may find it difficult to compete. | * Allow small firms to compete effectively. | | * Gain â€Å"first mover advantage† i. e. first in the market, can establish brand/image. | | * Can target market more effectively e. g. have a more personalised service. | |